一、宏觀分析1、政治環境

　　近日，國家(jia)發展改(gai)革(ge)委(wei)下發《關于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格政策(ce)有關問題的通知(zhi)》，確定(ding)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實行(xing)扶持性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)。《通知(zhi)》明確，對(dui)經(jing)營(ying)性集中式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實行(xing)價(jia)格優惠，執行(xing)大工業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，并且2020年前免收基(ji)本(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費。居民家(jia)庭住宅、住宅小(xiao)區等充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，執行(xing)居民電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)執行(xing)峰(feng)谷分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策(ce)，鼓勵用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)。而充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)設(she)備是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車主(zhu)要的配套設(she)施，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)實行(xing)扶持政策(ce)，有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)促進人們對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的消費需求，降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了人們使用(yong)(yong)(yong)的成(cheng)本(ben)，不用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)擔心(xin)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施而帶來的緊(jin)急負(fu)擔，給人們帶來了一種經(jing)濟便(bian)利(li)(li)的消費方式(shi)。

　　《通知》提出，要(yao)按(an)照確保電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車使(shi)用(yong)成(cheng)本顯著低(di)于燃(ran)油(或燃(ran)氣)汽(qi)(qi)車使(shi)用(yong)成(cheng)本原則，合(he)理制定充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)(wu)費。在(zai)充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)設施經營(ying)企業(ye)向用(yong)戶收取的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)費、充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)(wu)費這(zhe)兩項收費中，電(dian)(dian)費按(an)照國家規定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)執行(xing)，充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)(wu)費由(you)地(di)方(fang)按(an)照“有(you)傾斜、有(you)優惠(hui)”原則實行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)府指(zhi)導價管理。2020年前，各地(di)要(yao)通過財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)補(bu)貼、無償劃(hua)撥充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)設施建設場(chang)(chang)(chang)所等(deng)方(fang)式，積極降低(di)運營(ying)成(cheng)本，合(he)理制定充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)(wu)費，讓消費者得到更(geng)多(duo)實惠(hui)，增強電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車競爭力(li)。今后，根(gen)據市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)發展情況(kuang)，充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)(wu)費逐步通過市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)競爭形(xing)成(cheng)。通過財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)補(bu)貼，無償劃(hua)撥充(chong)電(dian)(dian)建設場(chang)(chang)(chang)所可(ke)以(yi)(yi)為經營(ying)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁設備企業(ye)降低(di)成(cheng)本，增加活動的(de)(de)資金。財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)補(bu)貼還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)促使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁資源的(de)(de)優化配置(zhi)，有(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府補(bu)貼就有(you)政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)(de)監(jian)管，政(zheng)(zheng)府部門要(yao)求(qiu)對政(zheng)(zheng)府補(bu)貼使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)規范化、合(he)理化可(ke)以(yi)(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁建設更(geng)加透明化。

　　為鼓勵電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)，促進電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車應用和產(chan)業發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，制定了(le)鼓勵電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)扶(fu)持辦(ban)法。辦(ban)法指(zhi)出(chu)，鼓勵電(dian)(dian)力等企業發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮技(ji)術(shu)、管理、資(zi)(zi)金(jin)、服(fu)務網絡等方(fang)面的(de)優(you)勢(shi)，組(zu)建專業的(de)充(chong)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)企業。按“政(zheng)府引導+市(shi)(shi)場化運(yun)作”模(mo)式，組(zu)建市(shi)(shi)級平(ping)(ping)臺，承(cheng)建單位(wei)由市(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委(wei)(wei)、市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通委(wei)(wei)、市(shi)(shi)財政(zheng)局通過(guo)方(fang)案競標(biao)方(fang)式擇優(you)選擇，由市(shi)(shi)交(jiao)通委(wei)(wei)、市(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委(wei)(wei)、市(shi)(shi)財政(zheng)局授牌成立。政(zheng)府對(dui)市(shi)(shi)級平(ping)(ping)臺早期建設(she)和運(yun)營給予(yu)補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)(tie)，補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)(tie)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)在國家充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建設(she)獎勵資(zi)(zi)金(jin)和市(shi)(shi)節能(neng)減(jian)排專項資(zi)(zi)金(jin)中安(an)排。組(zu)建專業的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)企業能(neng)夠使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁行業技(ji)術(shu)水平(ping)(ping)顯著提高，各個企業團結一致(zhi)、優(you)勢(shi)互補(bu)(bu)，共同學習，增強充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁行業的(de)競爭(zheng)力，能(neng)使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)功能(neng)更加豐富(fu)化，開發(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)更適合(he)人民消(xiao)費的(de)東(dong)西。

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　　支持(chi)充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)運營(ying)模(mo)式(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)。支持(chi)“互聯網+充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)基礎設(she)(she)施”建設(she)(she)運營(ying)模(mo)式(shi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)，引入(ru)(ru)特(te)許經營(ying)、眾籌、線(xian)上(shang)與線(xian)下相(xiang)(xiang)結合等新(xin)興業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務模(mo)式(shi)。對不具備企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)平臺建設(she)(she)能力的(de)(de)中小(xiao)型充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，鼓(gu)勵(li)(li)(li)其(qi)與有企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)平臺的(de)(de)充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)或市(shi)級平臺合作(zuo)，協商接(jie)入(ru)(ru)運營(ying)數(shu)據，并在協議中約定設(she)(she)施安全等責任。數(shu)據接(jie)入(ru)(ru)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)應加強充(chong)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施接(jie)入(ru)(ru)管理，確保所(suo)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)設(she)(she)施符合國家(jia)和本市(shi)的(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關技術標準(zhun)、建設(she)(she)標準(zhun)、設(she)(she)計規范。鼓(gu)勵(li)(li)(li)專用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施對外提(ti)供充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務。明確充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施的(de)(de)所(suo)有權及后續維修更新(xin)養護、侵害第(di)三者權益(yi)責任，鼓(gu)勵(li)(li)(li)建立合理反映各方“權、責、利”的(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合作(zuo)模(mo)式(shi)。鼓(gu)勵(li)(li)(li)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施經營(ying)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)可以(yi)使(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)跟上(shang)時代的(de)(de)步(bu)伐，不落后，創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)可以(yi)激發工作(zuo)人員的(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)力與想象(xiang)力，可以(yi)為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)施行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)培養人才(cai)。

　　對充(chong)換(huan)電設(she)施(shi)(shi)給予規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)、項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)核準(zhun)(zhun)政策支(zhi)(zhi)持。鼓(gu)勵采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)合建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)充(chong)換(huan)電設(she)施(shi)(shi)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)合建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)充(chong)換(huan)電設(she)施(shi)(shi)，無需單(dan)獨(du)(du)辦理建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許可(ke)證(zheng)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)工程規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)許可(ke)證(zheng)、施(shi)(shi)工許可(ke)證(zheng)等(deng)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)、施(shi)(shi)工許可(ke)手續。對用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)不突破主體項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)原(yuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)的(de)充(chong)換(huan)電設(she)施(shi)(shi)，規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)國土(tu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部門在規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)參(can)數確定、土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)供應方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面予以(yi)支(zhi)(zhi)持。對技(ji)術水(shui)平(ping)高(gao)、示范(fan)效應強、產(chan)業帶動大，經論證(zheng)確需獨(du)(du)立用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)且符合已批準(zhun)(zhun)城(cheng)鄉規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)充(chong)換(huan)電設(she)施(shi)(shi)示范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)，規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)國土(tu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)部門在土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)供應上可(ke)予支(zhi)(zhi)持，納(na)入(ru)公用(yong)(yong)(yong)設(she)施(shi)(shi)營業網點用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)范(fan)圍，單(dan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)應按集約化、少占地(di)(di)(di)的(de)原(yuan)則設(she)計。

　　支(zhi)持充(chong)(chong)換電設施互聯互通(tong)。受市(shi)交通(tong)委(wei)、市(shi)發展改革委(wei)、市(shi)經(jing)濟信息化(hua)委(wei)委(wei)托，市(shi)級平臺負責(ze)制(zhi)訂平臺對接數(shu)據技術標準(zhun)，報市(shi)質量技監局批(pi)準(zhun)后執行(xing)。對接數(shu)據原則上分為兩類(lei)，一(yi)類(lei)為與(yu)充(chong)(chong)電導航、狀態查詢、電量監控有關(guan)的(de)基(ji)本數(shu)據，另一(yi)類(lei)為與(yu)充(chong)(chong)電預約、費用結算有關(guan)的(de)運營數(shu)據

　　2、法律環境

　　2.1充電樁國標正(zheng)式發(fa)布實施(shi)

　　2015年(nian)12月28日，質(zhi)檢總(zong)局(ju)(ju)、國家(jia)標準(zhun)(zhun)委聯合(he)國家(jia)能源局(ju)(ju)、工信部、科技部等部門，在京發布(bu)新修訂的電動汽車(che)充電接口及通(tong)信協議5項國家(jia)標準(zhun)(zhun)，新標準(zhun)(zhun)于2016年(nian)1月1日起正式實施。

　　電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車充電(dian)(dian)用接口及通(tong)信協(xie)議(yi)作為(wei)實現電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車傳導充電(dian)(dian)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)要素，其技術內(nei)容的(de)統一和(he)規范，是保證電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車與充電(dian)(dian)基(ji)礎設施互聯互通(tong)的(de)技術基(ji)礎。

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　　此(ci)次5項標準修(xiu)訂全面提升了充電(dian)的安全性和(he)兼容(rong)性。

　　在(zai)安(an)全性(xing)方(fang)面，新標(biao)準增(zeng)加了(le)充電(dian)(dian)接(jie)口溫度監(jian)控、電(dian)(dian)子鎖、絕緣監(jian)測和泄放電(dian)(dian)路等功能，細(xi)化了(le)直(zhi)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)車端接(jie)口安(an)全防護措施，明確禁止(zhi)不安(an)全的充電(dian)(dian)模式應用，能夠有效避(bi)免(mian)發生人員觸電(dian)(dian)、設備燃燒等事(shi)故，保證充電(dian)(dian)時對電(dian)(dian)動汽車以及(ji)使用者的安(an)全。

　　在兼容性方面，交直流充電(dian)(dian)接(jie)口型式及結(jie)構與原(yuan)有標準(zhun)兼容，新(xin)標準(zhun)修(xiu)改了部分(fen)觸頭和機械鎖尺(chi)寸，但新(xin)舊插頭插座能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)相(xiang)互配(pei)合，直流充電(dian)(dian)接(jie)口增加(jia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)子鎖止(zhi)裝(zhuang)置，不影響新(xin)舊產品間的(de)電(dian)(dian)氣連(lian)接(jie)，用戶僅(jin)需更新(xin)通(tong)信協議(yi)版本，即(ji)可實現新(xin)供電(dian)(dian)設備和電(dian)(dian)動汽車能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)保障基本的(de)充電(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)。

　　新國標對電(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)口的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)規范，這(zhe)對于(yu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)而(er)言是(shi)一(yi)個技(ji)術上的(de)(de)(de)突(tu)破(po)點，提高了(le)充電(dian)設備的(de)(de)(de)通用(yong)性，既(ji)減(jian)少了(le)新能源研發(fa)企業研發(fa)資金和基礎(chu)設施(shi)建設方面的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)投入，同時亦增強了(le)消費者使用(yong)電(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)便利性。人們(men)大量使用(yong)電(dian)動汽(qi)車，隨之而(er)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)對電(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)設施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)需求，這(zhe)對充電(dian)樁(zhuang)而(er)言是(shi)一(yi)個發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)契機。

　　2.2《關于加快電動汽車(che)充電基礎設施建設的指導意見》

　　促進(jin)新能(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)應用，有利于緩解能(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)環境壓(ya)力、推動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)產業結構(gou)優化和消費升級。2015年(nian)10月，國務院辦公(gong)廳印發(fa)《關于加快電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)電基(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)的指(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)見》，部署大(da)力推進(jin)充(chong)電基(ji)礎設(she)施建設(she)，解決電動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)電難題。

　　2.2.1總(zong)體要求

　　全面貫徹落實黨的十八大和十八屆二中、三中、四中全會精神，按照國務院決策部署，堅持以純電驅動為新能源汽車發展的主要戰略取向，將充電基礎設施建設放在更加重要的位置，加強統籌規劃，統一標準規范，完善扶持政策，創新發展模式，培育良好的市場服務和應用環境，形成布局合理、科學高效的充電基礎設施體系，增加公共產品有效投資，提高公共服務水平，促進電動汽車產業發展和電力消費，方便群眾生活，更好惠及民生。